Active Learning Experiences - Arnot Ogden Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology

Organization

Arnot Ogden Medical Center (Dr. Earl D. Smith) School of Radiologic Technology

Credit Course Categories:

Active Learning Experiences - Arnot Ogden Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology

Descriptions and credit recommendations for all evaluated learning experiences

1. Principles of Radiographic Exposure I; 2. Principles of Radiographic Exposure II

Length:

Course 1, Version 1 and 2: Minimum of 48 hours (approximately 39 weeks). Course 1: Version 3 and 4: 50 hours (39 weeks).

Course 2, Version 1 and 2: Minimum of 15 hours (approximately 13 weeks). Course 2, Version 3: 31 hours (26 weeks). Course 2, Version 4: Minimum of 30 hours (approximately 26 weeks).

Dates:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: September 1974 - August 1987. Course 1 and 2, Version 2: September 1987 - September 2018. Course 1 and 2, Version 3: October 2018 - September 2023. Course 1 and 2, Version 4: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: outline the principles involved in the formation of the latent radiographic image and their application to different situations. Course 1, Version 2: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: describe and apply the governing and influencing factors utilized in the production of the radiographic image. Course 1, Version 3 and 4: Students will be able to: describe and apply the governing and influencing factors utilized in the production of the radiographic image; analyze the relationships of factors that control and affect image exposure; discuss practical considerations in setting standards for acceptable image quality; and apply conversion factors for changes in the following areas: distance, grid, image receptors, reciprocity law, and 15 percent rule. Course 2, Version 2: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: describe and apply the governing and influencing factors as they relate to factor compensation and sensitometric principles. Course 2, Version 3 and 4: Students will be able to: describe and apply the governing and influencing factors as they relate to factors compensation, sensitometric, and digital principles; analyze the relationships of factors that control and affect spatial resolution; and explain and create a standardized technique chart; evaluate digital artifacts.

Instruction:

Course 1, Version 1: Major topics include: definitions; characteristics of X-rays; formation of the latent image; intensifying and fluoroscopic screens; prime factors of radiographic exposure; factors controlling and affecting radiographic quality; beam restricting devices (collimators, cones, cylinders, and diaphragms); filters; grids; stereoscopy; condition influencing; choice of chart; kilovoltage and milliamperage; review of grid conversion factors; review of screen conversion factors; kilovoltage distance conversion factors; use of higher kilovoltages; demonstration of radiographic experiments. Course 2, Version 1: Major topics include: sensitometric properties of X-ray film: terminology; the electromagnetic spectrum; characteristic curve. Course 1, Version 2, 3, and 4: Major topics include: definitions; characteristics of X-rays; formation of the latent image; intensifying and fluoroscopic screens; prime factors of radiographic exposure; factors controlling and affecting radiographic quality; beam restricting devices (collimators, cones, cylinders, and diaphragms); filters; grids; condition influencing; choice of chart; kilovoltage and milliamperage; review of grid conversion factors; review of screen conversion factors; kilovoltage distance conversion factors; use of higher kilovoltages; demonstration of radiographic experiments. Course 2, Version 2: Major topics include: sensitometric properties of radiographic film: terminology; the electromagnetic spectrum; characteristic curve. Course 1, Version 3 and 4: Major topics include: definitions; characteristics of X-rays; formation of the latent image; prime factors of radiographic exposure; factors controlling and affecting radiographic quality; kilovoltage and milliamperage; contrast; spatial resolution; beam restricting devices (collimators, cones, cylinders, and diaphragms); filters; grid; grid conversion factors; choice of chart; distortion; automatic exposure control; patient factors; and demonstration of radiographic experiments. Course 2, Version 3 and 4: Major topics include: terminology; the characteristic curve; computed radiography (CR) versus digital radiography (DR); technique charts; image analysis; digital factors; digital artifacts; and digital image quality.

Credit recommendation:

Course 1, Version 1, 2, and 3: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 4 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation). Course 1, Version 4: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 3 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/23 revalidation). Course 2, Version 1 and 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 1 semester hour in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation). Course 2, Version 3 and 4: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 2 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation).

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1. Radiation Protection; 2. Radiation Biology

Formerly listed as 1. Radiation Biology; 2. Radiation Protection

Length:

Course 1, Version 1: Minimum of 22 hours (approximately 22 weeks). Course 1, Version 2: Minimum of 42 hours (approximately 22 weeks). Course 2: Minimum of 20 hours (approximately 15 weeks).

Dates:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: September 1974 - September 2023. Course 1 and 2, Version 2: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Course 1, Version 1: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: explain biological effects of ionizing radiation and apply principles pertaining to patient and personnel radiation protection; identify and justify the need to minimize unnecessary radiation exposure of humans; identify effective dose limit for occupational and nonoccupational radiation exposure; and describe the ALRA concept; explain the purpose and importance of patient shielding. Course 2, Version 1: Students will be able to: analyze the effects of radiation on cells, tissues, organs, and systems; discriminate between the direct and indirect effects of radiation; differentiate between stochastic and nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure; and discuss acute radiation syndromes. Course 1, Version 2: Students will be able to: identify the purpose, importance and types of protective shielding; define and explain the inverse square law; explain the ALARA concept and the three cardinal principles of radiation protection; describe radiation protection terms and distinguish the different types of radiation; discuss the basic interactions of x-radiation and matter; determine radiation quantities, units, and dose limits; discuss radiation monitoring and differentiate between types; describe radiation biology and its effects; identify FDA regulations for radiographic equipment; and explain the need and methods for patient and radiographer protection. Course 2, Version 2: Students will be able to: define radiobiology and the concepts behind relative biological effectiveness; identify the influencing factors of ionizing radiation and radiosensitivity; explain the indirect and direct effect; review the dose response curves and effective dose equivalents; rate the importance of studies from a radiation event; illustrate the importance of cell constituents; and explain Acute Radiation Syndrome.

Instruction:

Course 1, Version 1 and 2: Major topics include: need for radiation protection; basic interactions of radiation and matter; quantities and units; maximum permissible dose; biological effects of ionizing radiation; radiation monitoring; patient protection; and personnel protection. Course 2, Version 1 and 2: Major topics include: background radiation; influencing factors; direct and indirect actions; cell structure; genetics; tissue and organs; total organism: lethal effects; immunity; reproduction; radiation syndromes; and radiation oncology.

Credit recommendation:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1 and 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category OR in the upper division baccalaureate degree category, 3 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation). NOTE: Course 1 and 2 must both be completed to receive credit.

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1. Radiographic Image Evaluation I; 2. Radiographic Image Evaluation II

Formerly Radiographic Film Evaluation I and II

Length:

Course 1, Version 1, 2, and 3: Minimum of 40 hours (approximately 41 weeks). Course 2, Version 1: Minimum of 40 hours (approximately 40 weeks). Course 2, Version 2: 37 hours (approximately 35 weeks). Course 2, Version 3: Minimum of 37 hours (approximately 40 weeks).

Dates:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: September 1980 - September 2018. Course 1 and 2, Version 2: October 2018 - September 2023. Course 1 and 2, Version 3: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to analyze radiographic examinations for the purpose of recognizing diagnostic quality. Course 1 and 2, Version 2: Students will be able to: analyze radiographic examinations for the purpose of recognizing diagnostic quality; identify anatomy on radiographic images; summarize the importance of proper positioning; and recognize images for appropriate technical, procedural and pathological factors, and employ corrective actions if necessary; apply a problem-solving process used for image analysis; and apply a process for evaluating images for adequate image receptor exposure, exposure indicator contrast/grayscale/spatial resolution, identification markers, and appropriate use of beam restriction. Course 1 and 2, Version 3: Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: identify the sex, age and body habitus of patient on images of torso; discuss routine views of part being examined, and identify landmarks used for centering part to image receptor; select acceptable exposure factors in obtaining the selected radiographs, determine whether acceptable exposures were used to obtain radiographs and discuss changes in exposure factors due to age, disease, atrophy, contrast media etc.; judge insufficient collimation and determine how specific collimation could be improved; express the importance of proper shielding and the methods used to properly shield specific radiographs; state the accurate use of patient identification and location for proper placement of markers on an image; identify anatomy of the part shown and identify any anomalies or pathological processes that appear on the radiograph; and inspect the radiographic quality of the image in terms of motion and distortion, saturation, and quantum mottle.

Instruction:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: Major topics include: patient profile, pathology, and condition during radiographic examination; technical factors and focus film distance; collimation and shielding; positioning; anatomy; radiographic quality; and digital imaging evaluation and analysis. Course 1, Version 2 and 3: Topics include: patient profile, image display pathology, and condition during radiographic examination; image exposure indicators; collimation and shielding; positioning; anatomy; radiographic quality; and digital imaging evaluation and analysis of upper extremities, lower extremities, articulating joints, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, gastrointestinal systems, biliary systems and urinary systems. Course 2, Version 2 and 3: Major topics include: patient profile, image display, pathology, and condition during radiographic examination; image exposure indicators; collimation and shielding; positioning; anatomy; radiographic quality; and digital imaging evaluation and analysis of entire spine, cranium, visceral cranium, and sinuses.

Credit recommendation:

Course 1 and 2, Version 1: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 3 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation). NOTE: Course 1 and 2 must both be completed to receive credit. Course 1 and 2, Version 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 6 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/18 revalidation). Course 1 and 2, Version 3: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 3 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/23 revalidation). NOTE: Course 1 and 2 must both be completed to receive credit.

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Advanced Imaging

Length:

Version 1,2, and 3: Minimum of 27 hours (approximately 18 weeks).Version 4: 32 hours (approximately 18 weeks).

Dates:

Version 1: August 1993 - July 1999. Version 2: August 1999 - July 2007. Version 3: August 2007 - July 2013. Version 4: August 2013 - Present.

Objectives:

Version 1, 2, 3, and 4: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: define terminology specific to each imaging modality; distinguish between equipment for various imaging modalities; identify indications and contraindications for exams of specific imaging modalities; explain the Seldinger Technique and other methods of contrast administration; locate specific anatomy for Interventional exams, angiocardiography,and mammography; describe patient preparation and positioning for various exams in multiple imaging modalities and state safety considerations for each; summarize basic concepts of each modality from start of exam to post processing; describe generalized principles of modern specialized imaging equipment; accessories; procedures; and techniques related to diagnostic imaging; compare basic equipment used in various imaging modalities and radiation therapy; compare and contrast different types of radiation; and define basic terms related to indications and contraindications.

Instruction:

Version 1: Major topics include: computerized tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; angiography; ultrasound; radiation therapy; nuclear medicine; angiocardiography. Version 2, 3, and 4: Major topics include: computerized tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; angiography; ultrasound; radiation therapy; nuclear medicine; angiocardiography; mammography; bone densitometry.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1, 2, 3, and 4: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 2 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (9/93) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation).

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Clinical Education I and II

Formerly Clinical Practicum I and II; also Clinical Practicum I, II , III, and IV

Length:

Version 1: Minimum of 2,200 hours (over 2 years). Version 2: Minimum of 1,470 hours (over 2 years).

Dates:

Version 1: September 1974 - September 2023. Version 2: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Clinical Education I, Version 1: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: integrate the radiographer’s practice standards into clinical practice setting; adapt to changes and varying clinical situations; provide patient-centered, clinically effective care for all patients regardless of age, gender, disability, special needs, ethnicity, or culture; apply standard and transmission-based precautions; demonstrate clinical competence in patient positioning, exposure factors selection, and radiation protection; gain practical experience in procedure preparation, exposure factor selection, image analysis, proper administration of radiation, and appropriate radiation protection. Clinical Education II, Version 1: Students will be able to: integrate the use of appropriate and effective, written, oral, and nonverbal communication with patients, the public, and members of the health care team in the clinical setting; use patient and family education strategies appropriate to the comprehensive level of the patient/family; apply the appropriate medical asepsis and sterile technique; demonstrate clinical competence in patient positioning, exposure factors selection, and radiation protection; gain practical experience in procedure preparation, exposure factor selection, image analysis, radiation administration, and radiation protection. Clinical Education I and Clinical Education II, Version 2: Students will be able to: express an eagerness to learn by actively questioning and actively seeking out learning experiences; identify patients by asking name, date of birth and checking wrist band; Prepare room and assess patient condition before starting exam; explain basic procedure and obtain relevant patient history; operate equipment safely and appropriately for exam; apply proper patient positioning for certain exams after didactic and two labs; employ proper set of exposure factors, collimation and centering to create a quality image; record proper exposure indicators for each image taken in exam; and inspect images to determine if repeat is necessary and evaluate with technologist.

Instruction:

Version 1 and 2: Students function as learning members of the hospital's radiology department. Experience is provided in patient preparation, selection of proper techniques for radiographic analysis, and administration of ionizing radiation for the purpose of diagnostic examination with appropriate radiation protection control. Close supervision is provided to develop and evaluate students' clinical skills.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category OR in the upper division baccalaureate degree category, 12 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation). NOTE: Clinical Education I and II both must be completed to receive credit. Version 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category OR in the upper division baccalaureate degree category, 15 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/23 revalidation).

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Equipment Operation and Management

Formerly Radiation Physics

Length:

Version 1 and 2: Minimum of 60 hours (approximately 40 weeks). Version 3: Minimum of 50 hours (approximately 40 weeks).

Dates:

Version 1: September 1974 - July 1999. Version 2 and 3: August 1999 - Present.

Objectives:

Version 1 and 2: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: describe the general theories of physics relevant to mobile and fixed radiology equipment and apply them to radiation physics in both descriptive and quantitative terms; describe potential difference, current and resistance; describe the general components and function of the x-ray circuit to include the tube and filament circuits; and compare generators in terms of radiation produced and efficiency. Version 3: Students will be able to: define terminology related to physics of radiology; describe the potential difference, current and resistance; report the general components and function of x-ray circuit; name the multiple energy transformations required for x-ray production; examine the complexity of radiographic equipment and formulate procedures of equipment maintenance; state the process of production of radiation in the radiographic tube and methods used to extend x-ray tube life.

Instruction:

Version 1, 2, and 3: Major topics include: fundamentals of mathematics; radiological physics: fundamental units; derived units; mechanics; atomic structure of matter; electrostatics; magnetism; electrodynamics; electromagnetism; transformers; X-ray tubes; roentgen rays; interaction of radiation and matter; radiographic circuits and equipment; production and properties of radiation. Laboratory work is not included.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 5 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiation Physics (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation). Version 2 and 3: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 4 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiation Physics (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation).

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Image Processing

Formerly:

Radiographic Processing

Length:

Version 1 and 2: Minimum of 36 hours (approximately 26 weeks); includes at least 7 hours of supervised laboratory experience.

Dates:

Version 1: September 1974 - July 1999. Version 2: August 1999 - Present.

Objectives:

Version 1: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: perform appropriate darkroom procedures; identify the chemical constituents of processing solutions and their functions; evaluate radiographic film characteristics. Version 2: Students will be able to: compare the image capture process for various digital imaging receptors; recognize equipment associated with digital fluoroscopic imaging; describe how photostimulable phosphor image receptors extract data; explain the histogram analysis as it relates to automatic rescaling and how it affects image quality; define the characteristics of a monitor that affect image display; and discuss archival and communication system (PACS) and its function.

Instruction:

Version 1: Major topics include: darkroom procedures and chemical constituents and functions of processing solutions. Processing room design and function; photographic process; manual processing (the developer, rinsing, fixer, washing, and drying); preparation of solutions; automatic processing; radiographic film artifacts and their causes; silver reclamation. Version 2: Major topics include: darkroom procedures and chemical constituents and functions of processing solutions; processing room design and function; photographic process; manual processing (the developer, rinsing, fixer, washing, and drying); preparation of solutions; automatic processing; radiographic film artifacts and their causes; silver reclamation; daylight/cassette less radiography.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1 and 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 2 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation). NOTE: Image Processing content overlaps with Special Procedures. Students may not receive duplicate credit. (This note only applies to students who completed the courses from September 1974 to September 2018).

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Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Medical Ethics

Length:

Version 1 and 2: Minimum of 30 hours (approximately 20 weeks). Version 3: Minimum of 42 hours (approximately 20 weeks).

Dates:

Version 1: September 1974 - July 2008. Version 2: August 2008 - September 2023. Version 3: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Version 1 and 2: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: describe the history of radiographs; define key terms related to physics and techniques of radiography; identify ethical and medicolegal considerations involved in patient care; discuss the responsibilities and relationships of all personnel within a health care institution; and describe diversity and stress management techniques. Version 3: Students will be able to: discuss policies outlined in the Student Handbook; describe the health care profession, accreditation, certification, and licensure; discuss the history of radiologic technology and define key terms of x-ray; distinguish between components of the x-ray tube and properties of x-rays; identify the nature of x-rays, conditions required for x-rays and the interactions that produce them; define legal terminology; differentiate between written, implied, express, and inadequate consent; discuss human diversity, culture, and Kohlberg's Theory on individual moral behavior; discuss ethical terminology and the Code of Ethics versus the Rules of Ethics; identify ethical philosophies and principles of patients' rights; distinguish between non-verbal, submissive, assertive, and aggressive behavior; use effective communication skills; and identify stressful situations and ways to reduce stress.

Instruction:

Version 1, 2, and 3: Major topics include: the history of radiography; fundamental physics and techniques; professional development; ethics; medico legal considerations; and interpersonal relationships.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 1 semester hour in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation). Version 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 2 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation). Version 3: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 3 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences or Radiography (10/23 revalidation).

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Medical Terminology

Length:

Version 1: Minimum of 27 hours (approximately 23 weeks). Version 2: Minimum of 22 hours (approximately 20 weeks).

Dates:

Version 1: September 1974 - September 2023. Version 2: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Version 1 and 2: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: define roots, prefixes, suffixes, and abbreviations common to general medical terminology and radiographic terminology; apply the word-building process of medical terminology; correctly pronounce and spell all medical terms; and properly translate medical terms, abbreviations, and symbols from medical reports into layman’s terms.

Instruction:

Version 1 and 2: Major topics include: introduction to medical terminology: combining forms; plurals of medical terms; pronunciation; general terms used in radiology; abbreviations; and medical terms by body system.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1 and 2: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 2 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation).

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Methods of Patient Care

Length:

Version 1 and 2: Minimum of 45 hours (approximately 30 weeks). Version 3: Minimum of 62 hours (approximately 30 weeks).

Dates:

Version 1: February 1979 - July 1992. Version 2: August 1992 - September 2023. Version 3: October 2023 - Present.

Objectives:

Version 1 and 2: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: apply appropriate principles of patient care to the performance of radiographic procedures; describe vital signs and lab values used to assess the condition of the patient, including sites for assessment and normal values; describe methods to evaluate patient physical status; describe the importance of standard precautions and isolation procedures, including sources and modes of transmission of infection and disease and institutional control procedures; and describe patient preparation for contrast studies. Version 3: Students will be able to: demonstrate aseptic technique, basic patient care, and safety in radiography; describe proper body mechanics and patient mobility; discuss the physical and emotional needs of the patient; define the modes of thinking and identify the steps in patient assessment; list methods on how to establish a rapport with the patient; discuss the importance of patient education before and after a radiology procedure; identify infection control and the different means of transmission; differentiate between surgical and medical asepsis; demonstrate isolation technique; identify the causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment and control for specific diseases; report vital signs and oxygen administration; assess medical emergencies and the care of patients needing alternative care methods; interpret pharmacology and the different routes of administration; identify contrast media, their properties and allergic reactions; and preform venipuncture on a model; identify the best practices of digital radiography.

Instruction:

Version 1: Major topics include: body mechanics; aseptic techniques; management of the seriously ill or injured patient (acute abdomen, fractures, and dislocations); patient reaction to iodinated contrast media; the emergency tray/cart; basic first aid; nursing procedures pertinent to radiology (anesthesia, operating room radiography, bedside radiography, handling patients with communicable diseases). contrast media; basic forms; precautionary steps in preparation and administration; and patient preparation. Version 2 and 3: Major topics include: body mechanics; aseptic techniques; management of the seriously ill or injured patient (acute abdomen, fractures, and dislocations); patient reaction to iodinated contrast media; the emergency tray/cart; basic first aid and CPR; nursing procedures pertinent to radiology (anesthesia, operating room radiography, bedside radiography, handling patients with communicable diseases, and AIDS isolation protection); contrast media; basic forms; precautionary steps in preparation and administration; venipuncture; and patient preparation.

Credit recommendation:

Version 1, 2, and 3: In the lower division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 3 semester hours in Allied Health Sciences (12/80) (12/88 revalidation) (9/93 revalidation) (10/98 revalidation) (10/03 revalidation) (10/08 revalidation) (10/13 revalidation) (10/18 revalidation) (10/23 revalidation).

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