Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: describe at least three characteristics of a confined space; identify two factors that lead to fatal injuries in confined spaces; describe the four characteristics of a permit-required confined space; define and describe the three types of atmospheric hazards found in confined spaces; list the five types of airborne hazards; list and describe the six types of physical hazards found in confined spaces; list the four types of health effects from toxic chemicals; list three routes of entry for chemicals to enter the body; define and describe warning signs of acute and chronic exposure to toxic chemicals; list and describe the four types of heat stress; describe ways to prevent heat stress; explain and compare the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of direct-reading instruments (DRIs) versus laboratory analysis of workplace samples; identify two situations where atmospheric monitoring would typically be required during confined space entry operations; given the proper equipment, conduct the required workplace monitoring for permit-required confined space entry; given various sample chemicals and the proper equipment, demonstrate the use and interpret the readings of colorimetric detector tubes and a multi-gas meter; list and explain the appropriate responses if a personal monitoring device or sampling pump fails; list the components of a permit-required confined space entry program; explain the purposes of an entry permit; list at least five of the 15 required elements of an entry permit; list the required elements of pre-entry atmospheric testing; identify the members of a confined space entry team and describe the duties of each; describe at least two instances when training is required for confined space entry; define ventilation; list and describe at least three problems associated with ventilating a confined space; list at least four controllable atmospheric hazards and the methods to control them; explain supply and exhaust ventilation; explain the advantages and disadvantages of each; list at least five planning considerations to be given when ventilating confined spaces and explain why each is important; given a mock confined space, ventilation blower and manufacturers purge chart, calculate the amount of time to ventilate the confined space; evaluate a mock confined space for atmospheric hazards; plan and set up ventilation to remove hazards from the space in the time specified on a purge chart; define the following terms: affected employee, authorized employee, energy isolating device, energy source, lockout, lockout device, tagout, tagout device; identify the four categories of hazardous energy and the means for controlling each; define the roles of affected and authorized employees when working under an energy control program; given a scenario, identify potential sources of hazardous energy and a method for controlling each; explain the terms “assigned protection factor” (APF) and “maximum use concentration”; explain the differences between an air-purifying respirator (APR) and an atmosphere-supplying respirator; describe three types of APRs and give the APF for each; list and explain at least six limitations of APRs; list and explain the three filter series and three filter-efficiency levels for particulate filters; explain the terms “breakthrough” and “warning properties” and list four steps that should be taken if breakthrough occurs; explain the differences among three breathing air delivery systems for breathing air: continuous flow, demand, and pressure demand; explain how a supplied airline respirator (SAR) works; list three limitations of the SAR and the APFs for both the SAR and the SAR with escape; explain how a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) works, its limitations, and APF; explain the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative fit test, and give two examples of each; demonstrate the proper procedures for inspecting and donning a full-face APR; explain and demonstrate the proper procedure for performing a positive and negative user seal check on an APR; demonstrate the proper procedure for inspecting and donning an SCBA.