Proficiency exam: The examination is intended to measure a body of knowledge that candidates have acquired through prior learning experiences. Self-Study Format: Students are expected to master recommended readings and study guide materials. The course focuses on the basic premise that systematically integrated phonics instruction is a fundamental component of effective reading programs but also highlights the role of authentic reading and writing activities and the role of children's literature. The examination requires students to link theory to classroom practice for both preschool and elementary school learners and to display their knowledge via a broad array of questions. Beyond the expectation that students will have a thorough and sophisticated knowledge of literacy, they must display an ability to present ideas in an organized, creative and well supported fashion and to consider a variety of issues in a mature and sophisticated manner through three short essays as well as one extensive essay. Topics include: emergent literacy, balanced literacy, methods of organizing literature-based reading programs, strategies for supporting writing, and facilitating second language learning. Studies apply general instructional strategies and strategies for adapting instruction to meet the needs of diverse learners.