Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: explain the foundational concepts of computer science, including its historical evolution, core principles, and the significance of algorithms in problem-solving; apply computational thinking principles, such as decomposition, pattern recognition, and abstraction, to break down complex problems and design adaptive, reusable solutions; differentiate between algorithms and programs, and describe fundamental algorithmic techniques including divide and conquer, greedy algorithms, and reduction algorithms; understand the characteristics of low-level, middle-level, and high-level programming languages, with a specific focus on building C programs, including writing, compiling, linking, and execution; explain computer systems organization, detailing how hardware components like processors, memory, and I/O devices interact, and describe computer levels of abstraction from high-level problem-solving to machine-level instructions; articulate how data is represented at the machine level, including signed/unsigned integers, floating points, and character encoding, and comprehend machine-level program representation through assembly language and machine code; describe the role of operating systems in managing hardware and software interactions, including core components such as process management, memory, device drivers, and OS structures; and analyze and explain key operating system functions, specifically memory management techniques (e.g., dynamic allocation, virtual memory), file system concepts (e.g., file storage, directory structures), and mechanisms for system reliability and security (e.g., authentication, authorization).